What is supercapacitor? Why do you say that supercapacitors will replace rechargeable batteries?

Supercapacitors used to be mainly used in high-power power supplies and large-scale industrial and consumer power supplies. Nowadays, they are also found in products of various sizes, especially portable devices. Supercapacitors are well-known for their capacitance values u200bu200bup to thousands of farads and fast charge-discharge rates. Due to the ability to store large amounts of electrical energy for a long time, the supercapacitor behaves more like a battery than a standard capacitor. In fact, as technology advances, they will replace rechargeable batteries in many products, from computers, digital cameras, mobile phones to other handheld devices. What are super capacitors? Simply put, a super capacitor is a very large polarized electrolytic capacitor. The 'large' here refers to the capacity, not their physical size. Indeed, for general electrolytic capacitors, the larger the capacitance value and/or voltage value, the larger the entire package. Electrolytic capacitors usually supply capacitance values u200bu200bof the order of microfarads, from about 0.1uF to about 1F, and their nominal voltage value can reach up to 1kVdc. Generally speaking, the higher the rated voltage, the smaller the capacitance value, and the larger the capacitance value, the larger the package, and the operating voltage may also decrease. These rules basically also apply to super capacitors. The capacitance value of the super capacitor is above 1F, and the working voltage range is from 1.5V to 160V or even higher. As the capacitance and voltage increase, its volume will increase. Early supercapacitors with a capacitance value of about tens of farads were large, and they were mainly used in large-scale power equipment. Small-volume supercapacitors with low-voltage operating capabilities are often used as short-term backup power supplies in consumer electronic devices. Although supercapacitors and electrolytic capacitors are very similar, there are also great differences in electrical performance and physical size. For example, the size of a general 10uF, 25Vdc rated voltage electrolytic capacitor may be slightly smaller or even equivalent to a 1F to 10F, 2.7Vdc supercapacitor. With recent technological advances, when the working voltage of a supercapacitor is increased to 25Vdc, the size is less than doubled. According to detailed usage scenarios, such volume changes may not be very significant. Anatomy of a super capacitor In principle, people can regard a super capacitor as a rechargeable battery. It can store a charge proportional to its capacity, and release the charge when it is required to discharge. The biggest difference between a super capacitor and an electrolytic capacitor is its electronic double-layer structure, which can achieve higher capacity. The structure of a standard capacitor is to sandwich a dielectric layer between two electrodes attached to a metal plate (Figure 1). Depending on the type of capacitor, the dielectric can be aluminum oxide, tantalum tetroxide, barium titanium oxide or polypropylene polyester. Different materials determine different capacity and voltage characteristics (Figure 2). The amount of dielectric and the distance between the plates will also affect the capacitance. However, the maximum allowable distance between the plates limits the amount of dielectric. In this single-layer structure, it is usually feasible to add the number of dielectrics to increase the capacity. There are three ways to increase the package width and plate size, increase the package length and increase the plate distance or the two methods. combination. These three methods will cause the volume of the capacitor to become larger, which is a sacrifice that must be made to increase the capacity of the capacitor. The electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) can handle the above problems as it is literally. It adds a second dielectric layer in the same package, and this dielectric layer works in parallel with the first layer on both sides of the intermediate spacer. (image 3). EDLC also uses non-porous dielectrics, such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and carbon black gel, and uses conductive polymers. Its storage capacity is much higher than that of standard electrolytic materials. This combination of additional layers and more efficient dielectric materials can increase capacitance by nearly four orders of magnitude. However, voltage capability is the weak link of supercapacitors, the root of which lies in the dielectric material. The dielectric in EDLC is extremely thin, only on the order of nanometers, so it can grow a large surface area, thereby forming a larger capacity. However, these very thin layers do not have the ideal insulation properties of traditional dielectrics, and therefore require lower operating voltages. Compared with standard capacitors and batteries, the use of super capacitors has multiple advantages that make them an ideal substitute. These advantages include: more charging and discharging times compared with rechargeable batteries, actual efficiency up to 98%, lower internal resistance, large output power, better thermal performance, better than batteries and standard capacitors Safety margin. Unlike all types of batteries, EDLC has no special solution requirements, so it has environmentally friendly characteristics throughout its life cycle. The large and bulky supercapacitors in the past have now been available in various sizes, which can be suitable for any use and almost any budget. 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